Optimization of diesel engine characteristics using p-toluene sulfonic acid catalyst-based biodiesel from waste chicken fat oil

Usman, M; Abraz, M; Ahmad, T; Riaz, F; Rehman, F; Hayat, N; Fouad, Y; Javed, F; Mujtaba, MA; Kalam, MA

Optimization of diesel engine characteristics using p-toluene sulfonic acid catalyst-based biodiesel from waste chicken fat oil

Usman, M Abraz, M Ahmad, T Riaz, F Rehman, F Hayat, N Fouad, Y Javed, F Mujtaba, MA Kalam, MA

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Publisher:: Elsevier
Publication Type:: Journal Article
Citation:: Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2025, 116, pp. 62-72
Issue Date:: 2025-03-01

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Field	Value	Language
dc.contributor.author	Usman, M
dc.contributor.author	Abraz, M
dc.contributor.author	Ahmad, T
dc.contributor.author	Riaz, F
dc.contributor.author	Rehman, F
dc.contributor.author	Hayat, N
dc.contributor.author	Fouad, Y
dc.contributor.author	Javed, F
dc.contributor.author	Mujtaba, MA
dc.contributor.author	Kalam, MA
dc.date.accessioned	2025-07-16T23:16:06Z
dc.date.available	2025-07-16T23:16:06Z
dc.date.issued	2025-03-01
dc.identifier.citation	Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2025, 116, pp. 62-72
dc.identifier.issn	1110-0168
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/188487
dc.description.abstract	Amidst rising global demand for sustainable energy substitutes and the complex hindrances connected with a full-scale shift to new technologies, internal combustion engines (ICEs) using biofuels like biodiesel are progressively acquiring a vital role. However, an immediate global focus is required for cost-effective and echo-friendly biodiesel production. The issues linked with the operating parameters of these ICEs mandate methodical optimization. The study utilized microbubble-mediated esterification with p-toluene sulfonic acid, achieving 89.9 % biodiesel conversion from waste chicken fat in 30 min. Waste chicken fat biodiesel (WCFB) met ASTM D6751 and EN-14214 standards, demonstrating its potential as an alternative fuel. A single-cylinder, direct-ignition engine was tested with WCFB blends (10 %, 20 %, 30 %, and 40 %) to assess performance and emissions in comparison to diesel fuel. Using response surface methodology, optimized conditions (14.2 %WCFB and 1845 rpm) resulted in a 5.6 % increase in torque, 8.9 % more brake power, and a 7.7 % improvement in brake thermal efficiency, along with a 15.9 % reduction in brake-specific fuel consumption. Carbon monoxide emissions decreased by 4.6 %, while exhaust gas temperature and NOx emissions increased by 10.9 % and 4 %, respectively. This study aligns with multiple sustainable development goals, contributing to a more sustainable and resilient future for the planet.
dc.language	en
dc.publisher	Elsevier
dc.relation.ispartof	Alexandria Engineering Journal
dc.relation.isbasedon	10.1016/j.aej.2024.12.086
dc.rights	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject	09 Engineering
dc.subject.classification	40 Engineering
dc.title	Optimization of diesel engine characteristics using p-toluene sulfonic acid catalyst-based biodiesel from waste chicken fat oil
dc.type	Journal Article
utslib.citation.volume	116
utslib.for	09 Engineering
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology/School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
utslib.copyright.status	open_access	*
dc.rights.license	This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.date.updated	2025-07-16T23:16:02Z
pubs.publication-status	Published
pubs.volume	116

Abstract:

Amidst rising global demand for sustainable energy substitutes and the complex hindrances connected with a full-scale shift to new technologies, internal combustion engines (ICEs) using biofuels like biodiesel are progressively acquiring a vital role. However, an immediate global focus is required for cost-effective and echo-friendly biodiesel production. The issues linked with the operating parameters of these ICEs mandate methodical optimization. The study utilized microbubble-mediated esterification with p-toluene sulfonic acid, achieving 89.9 % biodiesel conversion from waste chicken fat in 30 min. Waste chicken fat biodiesel (WCFB) met ASTM D6751 and EN-14214 standards, demonstrating its potential as an alternative fuel. A single-cylinder, direct-ignition engine was tested with WCFB blends (10 %, 20 %, 30 %, and 40 %) to assess performance and emissions in comparison to diesel fuel. Using response surface methodology, optimized conditions (14.2 %WCFB and 1845 rpm) resulted in a 5.6 % increase in torque, 8.9 % more brake power, and a 7.7 % improvement in brake thermal efficiency, along with a 15.9 % reduction in brake-specific fuel consumption. Carbon monoxide emissions decreased by 4.6 %, while exhaust gas temperature and NOx emissions increased by 10.9 % and 4 %, respectively. This study aligns with multiple sustainable development goals, contributing to a more sustainable and resilient future for the planet.

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http://hdl.handle.net/10453/188487