The Association of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression: A Network Approach.

Gai, Y; Berle, D

The Association of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression: A Network Approach.

Gai, Y Berle, D

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Publication Type:: Journal Article
Citation:: Clin Psychol Psychother, 2025, 32, (4), pp. e70125
Issue Date:: 2025

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Field	Value	Language
dc.contributor.author	Gai, Y
dc.contributor.author	Berle, D https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4861-2220
dc.date.accessioned	2025-07-25T02:27:21Z
dc.date.available	2025-07-09
dc.date.available	2025-07-25T02:27:21Z
dc.date.issued	2025
dc.identifier.citation	Clin Psychol Psychother, 2025, 32, (4), pp. e70125
dc.identifier.issn	1063-3995
dc.identifier.issn	1099-0879
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/188842
dc.description.abstract	BACKGROUND: Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) is a newly recognized condition in the ICD-11, characterized by the core symptoms of PTSD alongside disturbances in self-organization (DSO). Network analysis provides a novel approach to understanding the complex relationships between symptoms. While many studies have identified the comorbidity between PTSD/CPTSD and depression, few have focused on CPTSD using network analysis. This study aims to investigate the bridge symptoms between PTSD, DSO and depression. METHOD: A sample of 385 US participants who reported at least one lifetime trauma completed the ICD-11 International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). RESULTS: The obtained network models were stable. The most central symptoms were 'Feeling distant or cut off from people', 'Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless' and 'Feeling like a failure'. The key bridge symptoms in the network were 'Negative self-concept', 'Feeling like a failure', 'When I am upset, it takes me a long time to calm down' and 'Finding it hard to stay emotionally close to people'. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that certain symptoms are considerably more influential within the network. Affective, identity and interpersonal DSO symptoms may play a key role in linking PTSD and depression. These symptoms may be important targets for interventions.
dc.format	Print
dc.language	eng
dc.relation.ispartof	Clin Psychol Psychother
dc.relation.isbasedon	10.1002/cpp.70125
dc.rights	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject	1701 Psychology, 1702 Cognitive Sciences
dc.subject.classification	Clinical Psychology
dc.subject.classification	5201 Applied and developmental psychology
dc.subject.classification	5203 Clinical and health psychology
dc.subject.mesh	Humans
dc.subject.mesh	Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
dc.subject.mesh	Female
dc.subject.mesh	Male
dc.subject.mesh	Adult
dc.subject.mesh	Middle Aged
dc.subject.mesh	Surveys and Questionnaires
dc.subject.mesh	Depressive Disorder
dc.subject.mesh	Comorbidity
dc.subject.mesh	Self Concept
dc.subject.mesh	Young Adult
dc.subject.mesh	International Classification of Diseases
dc.subject.mesh	Humans
dc.subject.mesh	Self Concept
dc.subject.mesh	Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
dc.subject.mesh	Depressive Disorder
dc.subject.mesh	Comorbidity
dc.subject.mesh	International Classification of Diseases
dc.subject.mesh	Adult
dc.subject.mesh	Middle Aged
dc.subject.mesh	Female
dc.subject.mesh	Male
dc.subject.mesh	Young Adult
dc.subject.mesh	Surveys and Questionnaires
dc.title	The Association of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression: A Network Approach.
dc.type	Journal Article
utslib.citation.volume	32
utslib.location.activity	England
utslib.for	1701 Psychology
utslib.for	1702 Cognitive Sciences
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Health
utslib.copyright.status	open_access	*
dc.rights.license	This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.date.updated	2025-07-25T02:27:19Z
pubs.issue	4
pubs.publication-status	Published
pubs.volume	32
utslib.citation.issue	4

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) is a newly recognized condition in the ICD-11, characterized by the core symptoms of PTSD alongside disturbances in self-organization (DSO). Network analysis provides a novel approach to understanding the complex relationships between symptoms. While many studies have identified the comorbidity between PTSD/CPTSD and depression, few have focused on CPTSD using network analysis. This study aims to investigate the bridge symptoms between PTSD, DSO and depression. METHOD: A sample of 385 US participants who reported at least one lifetime trauma completed the ICD-11 International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). RESULTS: The obtained network models were stable. The most central symptoms were 'Feeling distant or cut off from people', 'Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless' and 'Feeling like a failure'. The key bridge symptoms in the network were 'Negative self-concept', 'Feeling like a failure', 'When I am upset, it takes me a long time to calm down' and 'Finding it hard to stay emotionally close to people'. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that certain symptoms are considerably more influential within the network. Affective, identity and interpersonal DSO symptoms may play a key role in linking PTSD and depression. These symptoms may be important targets for interventions.

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http://hdl.handle.net/10453/188842