Human Presence Detection Sensor Using Polarization Insensitive Metamaterial Absorbers

Tofigh, F; Lipman, J

Human Presence Detection Sensor Using Polarization Insensitive Metamaterial Absorbers

Tofigh, F

Lipman, J

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Publisher:: IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
Publication Type:: Journal Article
Citation:: IEEE Access, 2025, 13, (99), pp. 81725-81735
Issue Date:: 2025-01-01

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Field	Value	Language
dc.contributor.author	Tofigh, F https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1802-488X
dc.contributor.author	Lipman, J https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2877-1168
dc.date.accessioned	2025-07-31T05:14:05Z
dc.date.available	2025-07-31T05:14:05Z
dc.date.issued	2025-01-01
dc.identifier.citation	IEEE Access, 2025, 13, (99), pp. 81725-81735
dc.identifier.issn	2169-3536
dc.identifier.issn	2169-3536
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/188905
dc.description.abstract	Non-invasive crowd estimation has remained a challenging issue among researchers. Methods such as image analysis and Wi-Fi/Bluetooth probing can always be used to identify and track people. Lately, the authors have introduce a non-invasive method for crowd estimation based on ambient RF energy measurements. In this paper, a sensitive sensor based on metamaterials is introduced to measure the variations within an environment of the available RF energy levels for crowd estimation purposes. Considering human body resonance at 2 GHz, a metamaterial absorber is designed to operate at 2.4 GHz while remaining insensitive to polarisation and incident angle. This absorber, is equipped with a feed network and rectifier to efficiently absorb and transfer the maximum available Wi-Fi energy into a measurable DC voltage. To evaluate the performance of the sensor, the proposed structure is fabricated as an array, and its performance is tested in both the lab and a controlled real-world environment.
dc.language	English
dc.publisher	IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
dc.relation.ispartof	IEEE Access
dc.relation.isbasedon	10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3567637
dc.rights	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject	08 Information and Computing Sciences, 09 Engineering, 10 Technology
dc.subject.classification	40 Engineering
dc.subject.classification	46 Information and computing sciences
dc.title	Human Presence Detection Sensor Using Polarization Insensitive Metamaterial Absorbers
dc.type	Journal Article
utslib.citation.volume	13
utslib.for	08 Information and Computing Sciences
utslib.for	09 Engineering
utslib.for	10 Technology
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology/School of Electrical and Data Engineering
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/UTS Groups
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/UTS Groups/The Trustworthy Digital Society
utslib.copyright.status	open_access	*
dc.rights.license	This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.date.updated	2025-07-31T05:14:04Z
pubs.issue	99
pubs.publication-status	Published
pubs.volume	13
utslib.citation.issue	99

Abstract:

Non-invasive crowd estimation has remained a challenging issue among researchers. Methods such as image analysis and Wi-Fi/Bluetooth probing can always be used to identify and track people. Lately, the authors have introduce a non-invasive method for crowd estimation based on ambient RF energy measurements. In this paper, a sensitive sensor based on metamaterials is introduced to measure the variations within an environment of the available RF energy levels for crowd estimation purposes. Considering human body resonance at 2 GHz, a metamaterial absorber is designed to operate at 2.4 GHz while remaining insensitive to polarisation and incident angle. This absorber, is equipped with a feed network and rectifier to efficiently absorb and transfer the maximum available Wi-Fi energy into a measurable DC voltage. To evaluate the performance of the sensor, the proposed structure is fabricated as an array, and its performance is tested in both the lab and a controlled real-world environment.

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http://hdl.handle.net/10453/188905